Buy sulfuric acid from Fisher Scientific,here. Pour the acid slowly into the bucket until the fizzing stops, and dispose the solution. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration.Sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive chemical that is potentially explosive in concentrated form. Diluted sulfuric acid with a concentration of 50% or lower can be more easily handled. The neutralization reaction is. How To Clean Up Sulfuric Acid Spills. I'm going to second mikes advice about wearing rubber gloves and safety glasses, especially if you can't guarantee that the container is properly sealed. If you get sulfuric acid on you, flush your skin with soap and lukewarm water for at least 30 minutes. What to do with battery acid? - The Home Shop Machinist & Machinist's Open the windows to let in the fresh air. All personal protective equipment should be safely designed and constructed, and should be maintained in a clean and reliable fashion. For a15-minute exposure, the vapor concentration of sulfuric acid in the atmosphere should not exceed 0.15 3 mg/m3. HowToDispose.Info is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com, How to Dispose of Sulfuric Acid (at Home and Lab), Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry recommends. Sulfuric acid (battery acid) spill kitsinclude gear for battling this toxic corrosive. Is a PhD visitor considered as a visiting scholar? December 17, 2021 - Pictured here is abattery acid (sulfuric acid) spill kit. Wipe all surfaces with a sponge and wash all of the material down the sink. These injuries and illnesses may result from contact with chemical, radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace hazards. how to neutralize high-pH chemicals for disposal - pburch.net Another common and effective way to neutralize sulfuric acid is to slowly mix it into equal or greater amounts of water, as pure water falls exactly in the middle of the pH scale with a rating of 7. Seems safe enough, right? Sulfuric acid is extremely corrosive to all body tissues. It is odorless with a strong acid taste. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. It is not recommended that sulfuric acid or sulfur trioxide be placed in a landfill. Thissulfuric acid fact sheetcontains information on health hazards, exposure limits, personal protective equipment, proper handling, first aid, and emergency procedures for fires and spills. Step 2 - Dilution is Essential. In fact be careful when diluting the acid, diluting sulfuric acid generates lots of heat. To neutralize sulfuric acid with water so that it can be safely disposed of, the recommendation is that the acid slowly be added to a volume of cold water that is ten times greater than the volume of acid. A workers hands often make first contact with seepage or spilling liquid. Read more here. Step 5: Dispose of the Battery . The acid will foam as it reacts with sodium bicarbonate and, when this foaming process is no longer observed, the solution has reached a safe neutral-to-base pH level of between 6 to 9. Acidify the permanganate solution by addition of dilute sulfuric acid (e.g for the given quantity, add 10 mL of 2M sulfuric acid). Sulfuric acid may also be diluted and then neutralized. We've turned into a nation of lawsuit-happy wussies, which means that mikes' answer, below, is pretty much what you have to say. If there is some leftover, trying to store it is way more challenging than disposing of it. Repeat this process with the rest of the acid. Keep containers of nitric acid solutions capped at all times and use a vented cap, if necessary. How To Dispose Of Battery Acid? Step-02: Next, mix the baking soda and water together, and pour it over the terminal. If you have a relationship with a repair shop, you can call and see if they'll take it (for use with batteries). The manual for the battery system says to never add more acid to the battery, only water. Moresulfuric acid is produced in the United Statesevery year than any other chemical. Vinegar is the usual choice, though in the lab one might use a few drops of hydrochloric acid. Acids generally have a sour taste and a pH less than seven.These molecules react with bases to form salts. How do you dispose of neutralized battery acid? - WisdomAnswer You have no items in your shopping cart.Let's go buy something! Neutralization Defined. Carefully pour one-quarter to one-half-cup of the hydrochloric acid into 2 to 5 gallons of water. But, if you use the sulfuric acid to make pure charcoal for filtration purposes.. Add the required quantity of baking soda to the required quantity of water and pour the mixture all over the acid spill. Step 2: Using a baking soda mixture, mix three parts baking soda and one part water, and create a paste mixture. To neutralize the acid, combine vinegar and lemon juice and brush it over the battery and/or spill using a cotton swab. Used battery acid contains heavy metals such as lead sulfate which cannot go down the drain, even when the acid has been neutralized. Pour a gallon of water in the sink. When practical, tanks should be kept from direct sunlight to avoid excessive heat. Dont try to drown it with water or anything else. Take safety precautions when you use sulfuric acid, (also known as oil of vitriol) for cleaning drains, janitorial and plumbing work, processing metal and making chemicals. A place where magic is studied and practiced? However, if you mistakenly inhale fumes from a concentrated form of sulfuric acid, you might notice difficulty in breathing. What Is the Connection between Sodium Carbonate and Sulfuric Acid. Did this satellite streak past the Hubble Space Telescope so close that it was out of focus? Guide to Laboratory Sink/Sewer Disposal of Wastes It will char wood and most other organic matter on contact, but is unlikely to cause a fire. It should fit comfortably, encouraging worker use. With a dibasic acid, like sulfuric (H,SO), still only one molecule of lime is needed to react with one molecule of sulfuric, but two molecules of sodium hy- droxide are necessary. [7] Use an old toothbrush dipped in the same material to scrub at a spill that has dried. To safely dispose of waste nitric acid: Never mix inorganic acids and organic solvents. Follow these 3 easy steps to cleaning up a hydrochloric acid spill using Amphomag. Asulfuric acid burn is a medical emergency and requires immediatetreatment. Sulfuric acid smells like rotten eggs. Be careful not to over-neutralize, Test pH of the spill after the neutralization reaction has stopped with pH paper, Once pH is between 6 and 9, the material can be transferred into an appropriate. Shovel the neutralized residues into containers for disposal. Using a Pasteur pipette, slowly add 42 mL of fuming HCl. Corrosive means it can cause severe burns and tissue damage when it comes into contact with the skin or mucous membranes. Using indicator constraint with two variables. If the exposure has occurred over a larger area, remove your clothing and rinse it thoroughly under a lukewarm shower. Find out how to clean up sulfuric acid spills, here. Keep a source of fresh water nearby to use in case of any accidental splashes or spills. Examples of How Sulfuric Acid is Applied in the Workplace, Best Safety Practices When Working with Battery Acid. Slowly add some of the acid that needs to be disposed of and stir gently. Chromic acid refers to a mixture formed by adding concentrated sulfuric acid to a dichromate, which may contain a range of other chemicals. Stop-up your sink using your stopper. Waste Neutralization Guidance. You will see the baking soda begin to fizz and neutralize the acid. A chemical splash guard or a fume hood will stopsulfuric acid from ever reaching the face. Whether you need help solving quadratic equations, inspiration for the upcoming science fair or the latest update on a major storm, Sciencing is here to help. SULFUR TRIOXIDE AND SULFURIC ACID . If you are going to dispose of the ~ 400-500 L waste solutions I nevertheless would treat the solutions with either some bisulfite (concentrated/ mix well with the put forward 20-25 L/plastic . Do not scrub or rub skin. Moreover, pouring small volumes of sulfuric acid down the drain can even help you with clogged drains. Turn on the cold water after 10 seconds to check if the drain is cleared. A metallurgical firm needs to dispose of 2.74 10 3 gallons of waste sulfuric acid whose concentration has been determined to be 1.53 M. Environmental regulations require them to neutralize the waste before releasing the wastewater, and they choose to do so with slaked lime, Ca(OH) 2 (s). Most attacks result from jilted lovers or abusive husbands, wives, or just other sick and twisted individuals. How to Neutralize Acids and Bases - Grainger KnowHow We scoured the Internet to collect some of the most frequently asked questions. Lower concentrations and smaller amounts can be safely disposed of by flushing in the toilet or pouring down the drain. However, the owner left behind the container of leftover sulfuric acid. How to Dispose of Sulfuric Acid? - DisposeOfThings.com Dispose of Sulfuric Acid Properly: When disposing of sulfuric acid, follow your local area's regulations. Neutralizing it with a base, such as baking soda, will remove its "hazardous" characteristics (corrosiveness), and indeed you very likely can then dispose of it in many ways, possibly including down the drain (if you don't have a septic tank). Respirators protect workers against sulfuric acid, insufficient oxygen environments, harmful dusts, fogs, smokes, mists, gases, vapors, and sprays. We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Once neutralized, you can take it out from the battery. Trying to understand how to get this basic Fourier Series. All chemical suits come with a storm flap over the zipper to prevent hazardous chemicals from seeping through exposed seams. Baking soda is known for its ability to clean clothes and surfaces, but it does not create acid. They probably won't, and a stranger definitely won't, but it's worth asking. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. If stored without being diluted first, the acid will retain its aggressive chemical nature and oxidize plastic containers. Download Safety Data Sheets (formerly MSDS) for various grades and concentrations of sulfuric acid. When youre disposing of sulfuric acid, there is always a chance of accidental exposure. Sulfuric acid is used almost universally for neutralization reactions. The smell is horrible but mostly harmless. How to Dispose of Hydrochloric Acid | Sciencing When a 12.00 mL sample of the sulfuric acid is titrated with 0.241 M sodium hydroxide to the endpoint, the initial and final buret readings Do not scrub or rub skin. Once sulfuric acid is diluted, and neutralized it can be discharged to a sewer. safety - How should I dispose of Sulfuric Acid? - Home Improvement Battery acid is sulphuric acid. InhalationIf you inhale sulfuric acid aerosols, seek fresh air and medical attention immediately. You should more outdoors for some fresh air and breathe in deep. How to notate a grace note at the start of a bar with lilypond? If not, add more acid and wait longer (15 minutes to 1 hour). Sulfuric acid spillsshould be neutralized with sodium bicarbonate and then cleaned up with a paper towel or sponge. If not, add acid to water, then pour down drain. Gloves made of rubber, latex, or nitrile are ideal to protect against leaking battery acid. Reacts violently with. What is the proper way to dispose sulfuric acid? - Quora Obviously, immediate medical attention is required, and several buckets worth of water should be used to wash the stuff off. Decontamination of persons and equipment following an acid spill or incident. The term "neutralization" may have different meanings depending upon the neu- tralization requirements. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Moreover, it would help if you read up on the right protocols to follow in case of a spill or accident. Taped seams are also available for added protection against chemical splash. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. What Is the Connection between pH and Concentration? It can causesevere skin burns, can irritate the nose and throat and cause difficulties breathing if inhaled, can burn the eyes and possibly cause blindness, and can burn holes in the stomach if swallowed. It can cause severe skin burns, can irritate the nose and throat and cause difficulties breathing if inhaled, can burn the eyes and possibly cause blindness, and can burn holes in the stomach if swallowed. A metallurgical firm needs to dispose of \( 4.76 | Chegg.com Concentrated sulfuric acid, like any type of acid, can be most easily neutralized by combining it with a material that has a basic nature on the pH scale with calcium carbonate, CaCO3, and calcium hydroxide, CaOH2, being two of the compounds most frequently used. Steps to Take In Case of an Accident. Also, read up on the right steps to take in case of chemical exposure mentioned below. High concentrations in air may make it difficult to breathe, especially for those with asthma or during strenuous exercise. Answer (1 of 2): Slowly & carefully!! It causes rapid tissue destruction and serious chemical burns on contact with the skin or eyes. Direct eye contact can result in blindness. Sulfuric acid is also called battery acid. What is a word for the arcane equivalent of a monastery? The answer from ShoeMaker neutralizing with baking soda is correct, but only if the battery acid is new. Solved: A metallurgical firm needs to dispose of 2.74 103 - Chegg Read more here. This safety training video discusses how the reactivity of acids will affect materials used to seal leaking containers, and what protective clothing and other personal protective equipment to use. It is always recommended you use water first, and then baking soda. Never rush through the disposal process and consider all the precautions. The acid then can be taken beyond a neutral pH of 7 by adding compounds such as sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide that can raise its base level up to a pH of 9 if necessary. Sulfuric acid is a very strong chemical that is corrosive. In this section, we have discussed all the chemicals that react with sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is a common household acid, and baking soda is a common household base. Extensive damage to the mouth, throat, eyes, lungs, esophagus, nose, and stomach are possible. Most people prefer disposing of excess sulfuric acid as it poses a serious storage challenge. Basic solutions react with acidic solutions to neutralize the acid and produce water and a salt. Once the bubbling and foaming is complete, test the solution by adding another teaspoon of the baking soda with stirring to see if any more reaction occurs.. Furthertesting of sulfuric acid (PDF)is required to assess its potential to cause reproductive harm. I have about 30 ml of leftover Sulfuric acid. The concentration strength of sulfuric acid should always be considered when evaluating the material-composition of storage containers and necessary components. At the End. Fill a larger container half full of water. Dissolve 4 to 5 cups of baking soda in a 5-gallon bucket filled with approximately 1/4 water. All clothing or equipment with sulfuric acid on it should also be removed by a person wearing protective gear. This program provides important safety information for workers who use, store or transport sulfuric or hydrochloric acid, as well as for emergency response personnel who might respond to an incident involving corrosives. Neutralizing 98% Sulfuric Acid - CR4 Discussion Thread - GlobalSpec Sulfuric AcidIs Corrosive To All Body Tissues. Heat will also cause additional off gassing and additional odors. Prevent accidental contact with incompatible chemicals. When engineering, work practice, and administrative controls are not feasible or do not provide sufficient protection, employers must provide personal protective equipment to their workers and ensure its proper use. Activism is on the rise to stamp this out, though, and we're seeing great progress. 01/15/2010 11:10 AM. How to Effectively Use Sulfuric Acid as a Drain Cleaner Sulfuric Acid Neutralization - pH adjustment Sulfuric Acid Respiratory ProtectionPeople that work with sulfuric acid arerequired to wear respiratorsin various workplaces throughout the United States. Always wear gloves whenusing a concentrated sulfuric acid solutionin your at home or in workplace, because it can causesevere acidic chemical burnsand even secondary thermal burns due to dehydration when they come into contact with skin and body tissues. That is why extreme caution needs to be taken when determining how to dispose of sulfuric acid. For transport, just make sure that you have something that will keep it from tipping over. If sulfuric acid makes direct contact with the eyes, itcan cause permanent blindness. How do you get out of a corner when plotting yourself into a corner, Minimising the environmental effects of my dyson brain. Environmental regulatory agencies should be consulted for acceptable disposal practices. Sulfuric acid is a hazardous substance that causeschemical burns, injuries,poisonings, health problems andfatalitiesin workplaces located throughout the United States. Phone: 512-668-9918 Work slowly to avoid splashes. If a law is new but its interpretation is vague, can the courts directly ask the drafters the intent and official interpretation of their law? Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment . Concentrated sulfuric acid is extremely corrosive and dangerous to work withbecause it isdestructiveto theskin(corrosion and acute irritation),eyes,lungs (PDF),mucous membranesandteeth(tooth and dental erosion). Acid Spills (hydrochloric or sulfuric acid): Neutralize spill with sodium bicarbonate/baking soda 2. Bring the final volume to 100 mL with deionized water. He brings expertise in the mechanical and chemical industries, as well as science, technology and environmental topics. Fill a larger container half full of water. Sulfuric acid can cause severe skin burns, it can burn the eyes, burn holes in the stomach if swallowed, irritate the nose and throat, and cause difficulties breathing if inhaled. Find an (ex) auto-mechanic who is over 60 and, after he stops laughing, he'll help you deal with the acid without needing to declare another EPA superfund site. For a Spill Response. When the reaction is complete, wash the solution down the drain and refill the container half way with water. You should always handle such corrosive acids with the proper protective equipment. Sulfuric acid is thelargest volumechemical produced in the United States. Data on the potential for sulfuric acid to cause infertility, abortion, or birth defects in humans were not available. Once sulfuric acid is diluted, and neutralized it can be discharged to a sewer. Neutralize all the acid in the same manner as Step 3. What is the proper way to dispose of used hydrochloric acid? Is there a proper earth ground point in this switch box? We have a winner! There are two types of acids: mineral (inorganic) acids such as sulfuric, hydrochloric or nitric and carboxylic (organic) acids such as formic or acetic. The material and method used should be selected on the basis of the overall cost, volume, kind, and quantity of acid . It is important to usepersonal protective equipment, eye and face protection when working with sulfuric acid. Safety Tips to Remember When Disposing of Nitric Acid. Give your affected employees the safety training they need with this important safety video. Sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive and strong mineral acid that is widely used in industry for various applications, such as the production of fertilizers, detergents, and chemicals. Once the acid is neutralized, it can be disposed of safely. Therefore, you should always try to neutralize or dilute the acid before storing it. It is highly corrosive. Shovel the neutralized residues into containers for disposal. Can Potassium Permanganate waste be neutralised? Whats the grammar of "For those whose stories they are"? Mixing sulfuric acid with random alkaline chemicals will get random surprises. Sulfuric acid reacts violently, becoming very hot,when mixed with water (PDF). Severeexposurecan result in death. What should I do with leftover sulfuric acid from a sump pump battery backup? Available in concentrations ranging from 10% to 98% sulfuric is also the least expensive acid to use as a neutralizing agent. Step 1 - Protect Yourself Beforehand. In order to do that, you have to mix so. Fax: 512-886-4008Customerservice@laballey.com, or Truck, Railcar And Industrial Loading Applications, pour it into a solution of sodium hydroxide, being placed in sealed containers and by being absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, or earth, Disposal of wastes containing sulfuric acid, skin contact, eye contact, ingestion, and breathing contaminated air, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water, move the exposed person to fresh air at once, Buy Fisherbrand disposable and polycarbonate face shields for sulfuric acid, here, Order Sulfuric Acid Handling And Loading Equipment F, YouTube Video Titled "Sulfuric Acid Safety Information | Industrial Chemistry", National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), sulfuric acid is produced in the United States, sulfuric acid damage, skin burns and injuries, New Jersey Right to Know Hazardous Substance List (RTKHSL), New Jersey Right To Know Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, tested and approved for use with sulfuric acid, concentration, acid impurities andtemperature, disposable or reusable sulfuric acid PPE suits, Sulfuric Acid Boiling Point: 638.6F (337C), Sulfuric Acid Index of Refraction: 1.537, Sulfuric Acid Solubility In Water: Fully miscible; (exothermic), Sulfuric Acid Structure, Properties, Spectra, Suppliers And Links, Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 96% ACS Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 92-94% Lab Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 70% Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 50% Lab Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 40% Analytical Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 39% Technical Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 25% Analytical Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 20% Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 10% Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 6% Analytical Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 5% SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 1.5% Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 0.95N Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 0.2N Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 5N SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 1N Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 2N SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 0.1N Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 0.02N for Alkalinity, Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 0.5N Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 1:1 Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 19.2N Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 0.053N Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid Gerber/Babcock Analytical Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Lab Alley Brand Sulfuric Acid 0.02N (n/50) Reagent Grade SDS (PDF), Teck Sulphuric Acid Safety Data Sheet (PDF), Sulfuric Acid 3M Safety Data Sheet - Fisher Scientific (PDF), Ashta Chemicals Safety Data Sheet Sulfuric Acid, Spent 70-80% (PDF), Avantor Performance Materials Sulfuric Acid Material Safety Data Sheet (PDF), Durham Tech Sulfuric Acid Safety Data Sheet (PDF), Sulfuric Acid Safety Data Sheet | CAMEO Chemicals | NOAA, Sigma-Aldrich Sulfuric Acid Material Safety Data Sheet (PDF), JR Simplot Sulfuric Acid 98% Safety Data Sheet (PDF), Melting point: 10.31[1] C (50.56 F; 283.46 K), Boiling point: 337[1] C (639 F; 610 K) When sulfuric acid is above 300 C (572 F; 573 K), it gradually decomposes to SO3 + H2O, Solubility in water: miscible, exothermic, Watch a cool science demonstration video to see the power of concentrated sulfuric acid on. Using appropriate containers. Pour the diluted solution down the sink, flushing with large amounts of water. Sulfuric Acid Is Dangerous | Hazards And Safety InformationIf sulfuric acid makes direct contact with the eyes, it can causepermanent blindness. Is Neutralized Hazwaste Still Hazardous - Expert Advice Important Note it is vital to remember to pour small volumes of acid into the water and not the other way around. @ anon344349: If you put sodium bicarbonate, or any other highly alkaline directly on the acid, it will create a reaction that will burn the person even worse. Learn about Sodium Hydroxide safety, disposal, response, spill neutralization, and more in our Safe Handling Guide. Buy sulfuric acid insafe containers,here. Eye contact. disposal - What should I do with leftover sulfuric acid from a sump Avoid generatingsulfuric acid vapors or mists. The byproducts include sodium sulfate salt, which is non-hazardous and can be swept away with a broom. For alkaline batteries, dip a cotton swab in vinegar or lemon juice, and swab the spill to neutralize the basic leak. Safe Handling Guide: Sulfuric Acid - CORECHEM Inc. The easiest is if your town or city sponsors a hazardous waste day or provides a hazardous waste dropoff (more likely in a large city). Will it emit bad vapor? Simple. If someone is the victim of an acid-throwing attack, can sodium carbonate or bicarbonate be used to help neutralize the acid safely? Sulfuric acid has been disposed of by being placed in sealed containers and by being absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, or earth. Finally, if mikes scared you, there's Clean Harbors or similar companies. How to Neutralize an Acid | Sciencing Continually rinse your mouth with water and seek medical attention as soon as possible. Open a window and be sure that your room ventilation is adequate. It can cause severe skin burns, can irritate the nose and throat and cause difficulties breathing if inhaled, can burn the eyes and possibly cause blindness, and can burn holes in the stomach if swallowed. Pour the recommended amount of drain cleaner (about 200 ml or about 7 ounces) slowly into the drain. It is sulfuric acid, but it's not going to kill you if you get some on you. What Is the Connection between Sodium Bicarbonate and Sulfuric Acid? It can be destructive to your eyes, skin, lungs, and even teeth in concentrated forms. Answer (1 of 10): For lab quantities, there are a few ways. Our goal is to make science relevant and fun for everyone. Handling and using sulfuric acid can be quite a dangerous task that requires the user to be very careful. If you end up breathing in sulfuric acid, dont panic. The battery in the system is like a car battery, but it's the kind where you initially add sulfuric acid to, and then periodically top off with distilled water. Adhering to regulatory requirements. Zinc reacts with sulfuric acid to produce hydrogen gas, zinc sulfate salt, and water. Battery acid is still, however, an irritant that can affect both the . PDF 4. Production, Import/Export, Use, and Disposal