2. Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. The "Robber's Cave" experiment showed the value of _____in combating prejudice. It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. In short, when an S was induced, by offer of reward, to say something contrary to his private opinion, this private opinion tended to change so as to correspond more closely with what he had said. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. <>stream To which he readily agrees. 4. Which of the following is not an element of social identity theory? The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. AP Psychology Unit 9 Flashcards | Quizlet Behavior and Attitudes - Why does our Behavior Affect our Attitudes In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Conformity In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Stereotypes: The Role Of Discrimination In Social Groups, Summary Of Stereotypes That Affect Social Interaction. }. Their research suggested to them that if the laws changed first, forcing a change in behavior, the attitudes would follow along later. The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? Mental patterns that represent what a person believes about certain types of people are called________. endobj Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. Festinger & Carlsmith Cognitive dissonance consequences of forced The E then paid the S one dollar (twenty dollars), made out a hand-written receipt form, and asked the S to sign it. >> ---------------------References: What is more, as one might expect, the percentage of subjects who complied increased as the size of the offered reward increased. Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. ] In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. 0 anything important? For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. Before the subjects left the experiment, the experimenter commented that his research assistant would be unavailable to help the following day. Introducing Cram Folders! After the S agreed to do it, the E gave him the previously mentioned sheet of paper headed "For Group B" and asked him to read it through again. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. The present experiment was designed to test this derivation under controlled, laboratory conditions. They present some evidence, which is not altogether conclusive, in support of this explanation. Social Researcher. The more scientifically important they considered the experiment to be, the less was the total magnitude of dissonance. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. Alex, who is in the honors program, failed to do his share of the work on the group project with his four classmates. He did this for one-half hour. One Dollar condition. Participants who agreed to do this were paid either $1 or $20. He was told again to use one band and to work at his own speed. Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. According to Festinger and Carlsmith, the participants experienced dissonance between the conflicting cognitions of telling someone that a particular task is interesting when the truth is, they found it rather uninteresting and boring. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. ________ describes the situation in which people attend to the content of a message. They were told that the study aims to evaluate these experiments to help them improve these in the future. 2018 12 5 1544039025 | Free Essay Examples | EssaySauce.com Cognitive Dissonance: Theory, Examples & How to Reduce It $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. _______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together. endobj Check out our quiz-page with tests about: Explorable.com (Nov 21, 2010). >> Then the commitments get more involved, such as donations of money and moving in the with the cult members. You must turn off your ad blocker to use Psych Web; however, we are taking pains to keep advertising minimal and unobtrusive (one ad at the top of each page) so interference to your reading should be minimal. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. June 22, 2015 Method In their laboratory experiment, they used 71 male students as participants to perform a series of dull tasks (such as turning pegs in a peg board for an hour). We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. 0000001035 00000 n From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions. } 8LDR#sUFZTE_|@N. Which event or moment has the greatest effect on the author's decision to protest? (p.47) When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. What happens to a person's private opinion if he is forced to do or say something contrary to that opinion? those paid $1 changed their opinion more to reduce dissonance while those paid $20 had a motivational reason to enjoy the task so they experienced less dissonance, people change their opinions to reduce dissonance when they are forced to do something they dont like, Lab experiment with interview; independent sample design, Leon Festinger and Merrill Carlsmith (1959), Psych 203 Thoughts out of tune festinger and, Tversky and Kahneman 1981 biases in thinking, Topic Two: Population and Community Ecology, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Byron Almen, Dorothy Payne, Stefan Kostka. /L 680077 Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . Six chapters are new to this book; two are reprints of chapters . When a one-hour session had been completed the students were asked to tell the next participant that the experiment was extremely interesting and enjoyable. The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. We wish to thank Leonard Hommel, Judson Mills, and Robert Terwilliger for their help in designing and carrying out the experiment. Scott, W. A. New York Times, p.C1. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. The said group served as the control group of the experiment. soc. Sets of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits, ion. At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. When Gene goes out of town, he expects, in return, that Roger will water his plants. Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? The group most likely to become a scapegoat is the group. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. /N 8 Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? Festinger, L. (1957). Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. 52 0 obj Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. All of the following are decision points in helping behavior EXCEPT. Half of them were offered $1 to do the job, while the remaining half was offered $20. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking This is an example of, The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to. Recently, Festinger (1957) bas proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance. It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. The amount of money paid the subject was varied. 0 The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. startxref They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. When the interview was over, the interviewer brought the S back to the experimental room where the E was waiting together with the girl who had posed as the waiting S. (In the control condition, of course, the girl was not there.) Some have already been discussed. These Ss were hired for twenty dollars to do the same thing. The other fraction was given the option to take the place of the experimenter, which required them to give an interesting explanation to the next group. OP>$O '@n#}  C You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. Underline the correct form of the modifier in parentheses in each sentence. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. "I didn't like the sermon at all today. After performing the tasks, each of the subjects was then interviewed regarding how enjoyable the tasks were to him. Take it with you wherever you go. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). The second area is whether the experiment gave the participant an opportunity to discover their own skills, using the scale of 0 to 10. endstream The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. Psychol., 1954, 49, 211-218. C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. Lately she has noticed that she seems to play better when there are people watching her than which she is playing alone. I hope you did enjoy it. At the close of the interview the S was asked what he thought the experiment was about and, following this, was asked directly whether or not he was suspicious of anything and, if so, what he was suspicious of. That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). We are certainly justified in concluding that the Ss in the One Dollar condition did not improvise more nor act more convincingly. c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Flashcards | Quizlet Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. From this point on, the procedure for all three conditions was once more identical. The difference .between the One Dollar and Control conditions is not impressive at all (t = 1.21). The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is, Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is. 2. Write to Dr. Dewey at psywww@gmail.com. In the . The importance of this announcement will become clear shortly. Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. This subtle dynamic makes cognitive dissonance a powerful tool for changing attitudes. He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. Research has found that the view that opposites attract, According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and, Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of, Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. Those who were paid $1 were forced to rationalize their own judgments and convinced themselves that what they were doing is enjoyable because they had no other justification. A similar rating of the over-all content of what the S said. Relat., 1956, 9, 177-186. In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. In the chapter section Attitudes and Behaviours that Affect Social Interaction, Paul Angelini (2011) introdected the negative elements of social interactio Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to, give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task. <> The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). And, indeed, in the Control condition the average rating was -.45, somewhat on the negative side of the neutral point. Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is. Social Researcher. How would a social psychologist describe this situation? In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that: In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. /Size 61 They had not enjoyed the experiment, but now they were asked to lie and say they had enjoyed it. Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. In Asch's black line experiment, participants. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959), in which participants were paid either a large or small sum of money to tell an innocent stranger that the boring, tedious task you had just completed was really enjoyable and very interesting. Their job is to give the next group of participants a delightful introduction of the tasks they have previously performed. /T 679093 If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with. A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. 2. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. (Boulding, 1969) 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. Assume that you were a participant in the experiment conducted by A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. Muzafer Sherif et al (1954), Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a "Tripartite Soul" view of Human Nature. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. hbbd``b` H? Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? 0000010660 00000 n Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. The greater the reward offered (beyond what was necessary to elicit the behavior) the smaller was the effect. Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. %PDF-1.7 % In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? that the participants who were paid $20 would experience less What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latane? There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. To achieve consonance, something has to give. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. 0000012870 00000 n What is the Sacrifice Trap? trailer He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. These made them question what the real purpose of the study is.